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However, the river-bed shape observed in Pisciatello and the Rubicon river in the present day, well below Roman-age soil layers, is likely to indicate that any possible course modification of rivers could have occurred only very close to the coastline, and therefore only slight.įurthermore, the features of the present-day Rubicon river (north–south course, orthogonal to the Via Aemilia) and the Via Aemilia itself (a straight reach before and after the crossing, and a turn just passing by San Giovanni in Compito, so marking a possible administrative boundary) are common to typical geographical oriented limits of Roman age, being what made this a clue of actual identification of the present-day Rubicon River with the Fiumicino. Rubicu" is shown at a position 12 Roman miles (18 km, 11 mi) north of Rimini along the coastline this is the distance between Rimini and a place called "Ad Confluentes," drawn west of the Rubicon, on the Via Aemilia. In a section of the Tabula Peutingeriana, an ancient document showing the network of Roman roads, a river in northeastern Italy labeled " fl. The mile zero of a Roman road, from which distances were counted, was always the crossing between the Cardo and the Decumanus, the two principal streets in every Roman town, running north–south and east–west respectively.
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Attempts to deduce the original course of the Rubicon can be made only by studying written documents and other archaeological evidence such as Roman milestones, which indicate the distance between the ancient river and the nearest Roman towns. The Via Aemilia (modern SS 9) still follows its original Roman course as it runs between the hills and the plain it would have been the obvious course to follow as it was the only major Roman road east of the Apennine Mountains leading to and from the Po Valley. As the centuries went by, several rivers of the Adriatic coast between Ravenna and Rimini have at times been said to correspond to the ancient Rubicon. The Quattrocento humanist Flavio Biondo was deceived by it the actual inscription is conserved in the Museo Archeologico, Cesena. To support the claim of the Pisciatello, a spurious inscription forbidding the passage of an army in the name of the Roman people and Senate, the so-called Sanctio, was placed by a bridge on that river. With the revival during the fifteenth century of interest in the topography of ancient Roman Italy, the matter of identifying the Rubicon in the contemporary landscape became a topic of debate among Renaissance humanists. As a result of this work, these rivers started to flow in straight courses, as they do today. For this reason, and to supply fields with water after the revival of agriculture in the late Middle Ages, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, hydraulic works were built to prevent other floods and to regulate streams. The Rubicon, like other small rivers of the region, often changed its course during this period. The decision robbed the Rubicon of its importance, and the name gradually disappeared from the local toponymy.Īfter the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and during the first centuries of the Middle Ages, the coastal plain between Ravenna and Rimini was flooded many times. The Rubicon to the right of Cesena, at PisciatelloĪfter Caesar's crossing, the Rubicon was a geographical feature of note until about 42 BC, when Octavian merged the Province of Cisalpine Gaul into Italia and the river ceased to be the extreme northern border of Italy. Caesar's victory in the subsequent civil war ensured that he would never be punished for his actions. The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is now used to refer to committing irrevocably to a grave course of action, similar to the modern phrase "passing the point of no return." The presence of Caesar and his legion in Italy forced Pompey, the consuls, and a large part of the senate to flee Rome.
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It was reported that Caesar dined with Sallust, Hirtius, Gaius Oppius, Lucius Cornelius Balbus, and Servius Sulpicius Rufus on the night after his crossing.Īccording to Suetonius, Caesar uttered the famous phrase alea iacta est ("the die is cast") upon crossing the Rubicon, signifying that his action was irreversible. Suetonius depicts Caesar as undecided as he approached the river, and attributes the crossing to a supernatural apparition. In doing so, he deliberately broke the law limiting his imperium, making armed conflict inevitable. In 49 BC, perhaps on January 10, Julius Caesar led a single legion, Legio XIII Gemina, south over the Rubicon from Cisalpine Gaul to Italy to make his way to Rome. Julius Caesar paused on the banks of the Rubicon.